Alcohol Demand, Delayed Reward Discounting, and Craving in Relation to Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorders

James MacKillop, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia,

Polymorphisms of the -Opioid Receptor and Dopamine D Receptor 4 Genes and Subjective Responses to Alcohol in the Natural Environment

Robert Miranda, Jr., and Jennifer W. Tidey
Lara A. Ray, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown Univer-

OPRM1 GEE parameter estimate 0.004, SE<=>0.003, z score 1.37, p<=>.17
DRD4 GEE parameter estimate 0.003, SE<=>0.004, z score 0.83, p<=>.41
parameter estimate 0.34, SE<=>0.10, z score 3.33, p<=>.01
parameter estimate 20.29, SE<=>8.37, z score 2.42, p<=>.05
parameter estimate 0.10, SE<=>0.05, z score 2.11, p<=>.05
parameter estimate 0.44, SE<=>0.12, z score 3.74, p<=>.001
parameter estimate 0.43, SE<=>0.15, z score 3.01, p<=>.01
parameter estimate 0.04, SE<=>0.21, z score 0.20, p<=>.85
parameter estimate 0.58, SE<=>0.15, z score 3.95, p<=>.0001
OPRM1 genotype GEE parameter estimate 4.73, SE<=>1.81, z score 2.62, p<=>.01
parameter estimate 0.66, SE<=>0.21, z score 3.08, p<=>.01

allele. p<=>.05
chi2(1, N=175)=11.99, p<=>.0001
t(173)<=>2.46, p<=>.05
t(173)<=>2.44, p<=>.05
OPRM1 GEE parameter estimate 0.004, SE<=>0.003, z score 1.37, p<=>.17
DRD4 GEE parameter estimate 0.003, SE<=>0.004, z score 0.83, p<=>.41
parameter estimate 0.008, SE<=>0.002, z score 4.20, p<=>.001
parameter estimate 0.34, SE<=>0.10, z score 3.33, p<=>.01
parameter estimate 20.29, SE<=>8.37, z score 2.42, p<=>.05
parameter estimate 0.10, SE<=>0.05, z score 2.11, p<=>.05
parameter estimate 0.44, SE<=>0.12, z score 3.74, p<=>.001
parameter estimate 0.43, SE<=>0.15, z score 3.01, p<=>.01
parameter estimate 0.04, SE<=>0.21, z score 0.20, p<=>.85
parameter estimate 0.58, SE<=>0.15, z score 3.95, p<=>.0001
OPRM1 genotype GEE parameter estimate 4.73, SE<=>1.81, z score 2.62, p<=>.01
parameter estimate 0.66, SE<=>0.21, z score 3.08, p<=>.01

All PTSD Symptoms Are Highly Associated With General Distress: Ramifications for the Dysphoria Symptom Cluster